3/
i learned quickly to not accept any new gigs that attempted to assert ownership over the automation i'd already produced + importantly - critically - the client wld not own anything i produced on that project.
licensed in perpetuity, sure. own? absolutely not.
in the early to mid-aughts, the contract pages listing my pre-existing works that were exempt from whatever claims the client may later make were full + very specific. i had numerous clients ask if i was an attorney. (i'm not)